A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery

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圖書標籤:
  • Chinese Linguistics
  • Cultural Interaction
  • Linguistic Contact
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Language Variation
  • Historical Linguistics
  • China
  • Language and Culture
  • Interdisciplinary Studies
  • Applied Linguistics
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圖書描述

This study is an attempt to reorient the field of Chinese linguistics from the perspective of the new field of cultural interaction studies. The author, approaching Chinese linguistics from the periphery, examines such topics as the spread of Western learning and linguistic contact and Westerners’ study of Chinese: He studies materials produced by Western missionaries and Ryukyuan materials to show the validity and usefulness of Chinese linguistics in the field of cultural interaction studies. In addition, he looks at cultural interaction through illustrations.
好的,以下是一份關於一本不包含《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》內容的、詳細的圖書簡介: --- 書籍名稱:《全球化時代的技術倫理:人工智能、生物工程與社會責任的重塑》 圖書簡介 【導言:重塑人類未來的雙刃劍】 在二十一世紀的第二個十年,人類正以前所未有的速度邁入一個由尖端科技驅動的全新紀元。從深度學習算法主導的決策係統,到基因編輯技術對生命藍圖的乾預,再到量子計算對信息安全的徹底顛覆,當代科技的發展速度已經遠遠超越瞭既有的倫理框架和法律體係的承載能力。本書《全球化時代的技術倫理:人工智能、生物工程與社會責任的重塑》,正是在這一曆史的十字路口,對當前最前沿、最具顛覆性的技術領域進行瞭係統性的倫理審視與社會責任剖析。 本書摒棄瞭以往技術倫理研究中常見的對單一技術分支的孤立分析,轉而采用一種跨學科的綜閤視角,深入探討瞭人工智能(AI)、閤成生物學和大數據治理這三大支柱技術如何在相互作用中重塑人類的社會結構、個人權利乃至物種的未來。我們的核心論點是:缺乏前瞻性倫理約束的技術進步,將不可避免地加劇現存的社會不平等,並可能引發不可逆轉的係統性風險。 【第一部分:人工智能的“黑箱”與決策的公正性】 第一部分聚焦於當前最受關注的領域——人工智能。我們不再停留在討論“強人工智能”的哲學思辨,而是將焦點集中於“弱人工智能”在現實世界中的落地應用及其倫理陰影。 1. 算法偏見與社會再生産: 本章通過對金融信貸評估、刑事司法預測(如COMPAS係統)和招聘篩選算法的案例研究,揭示瞭“數據偏見”如何通過機器學習模型被固化、放大,並係統性地歧視特定社會群體。我們詳細分析瞭偏見是如何從曆史數據中汲取養分,最終形成一種“自動化不公”的現代形態。 2. 可解釋性(XAI)的倫理邊界: 隨著深度神經網絡模型日益復雜,理解其決策過程變得愈發睏難。本書深入探討瞭“黑箱問題”的倫理後果,特彆是當AI的決策直接關係到人的生命、自由或重大利益時(例如自動駕駛事故或醫療診斷)。我們提齣瞭一個“責任可追溯性框架”,探討在機器決策失誤時,開發者、用戶與監管者之間責任的閤理分配機製。 3. 勞動力的重構與“意義危機”: 本部分探討瞭AI自動化對中産階級職業的衝擊,不僅僅關注失業率的上升,更深入探究瞭當大量認知勞動被機器取代後,人類社會如何重新定義“工作”與“價值”。我們討論瞭普遍基本收入(UBI)在倫理層麵的閤理性,以及如何通過教育和公共政策來應對大規模“去技能化”帶來的社會意義危機。 【第二部分:生命工程的邊界:閤成生物學與人類能性】 本書的第二部分將目光投嚮瞭生物技術,特彆是基因編輯(CRISPR-Cas9技術)和閤成生物學。這些技術不僅允許我們“修復”疾病,更賦予瞭人類“設計”生命的能力。 1. 從治療到增強:代際倫理的挑戰: 我們對“生殖係編輯”(Germline Editing)進行瞭深入的倫理剖析。本書強調,對不可遺傳的體細胞進行編輯(如治療鐮刀型細胞貧血)與對胚胎進行編輯(影響後代的基因庫)之間存在著巨大的倫理鴻溝。我們詳細分析瞭“設計嬰兒”的潛在社會後果——從加劇醫療資源不平等,到形成新的“基因貴族”階層。 2. 生物安全與“生態風險”: 閤成生物學使得設計具有特定功能的微生物成為可能。本書探討瞭如何平衡推動生物醫藥進步與防範“意外泄漏”或“惡意設計”的生物武器風險。我們詳細考察瞭全球生物安全協議的不足之處,並提齣瞭“去中心化生物製造的風險評估模型”。 3. 人類的“能性”(Human Flourishing)與自然界限: 本章哲學性地探討瞭人類是否擁有定義自身進化的權利。我們藉鑒瞭雅斯貝爾斯和喬納斯的安全倫理學思想,審視當人類掌握瞭修改自身物種屬性的能力時,對“何為人”這一基本概念産生的衝擊。 【第三部分:大數據、監控資本主義與公民自由的拉鋸戰】 第三部分探討瞭驅動前兩者的信息基礎設施——大數據采集與分析,及其對個人自由和政治生態的深刻影響。 1. 監控資本主義的權力結構: 藉鑒哈拉維和祖博夫的理論,本書深入分析瞭科技巨頭如何將人類的經驗轉化為可預測的行為數據流,並將其貨幣化。我們關注的焦點在於這種“數據提取”的非對稱性權力關係,以及它如何繞過傳統的市場監管,形成一種新型的社會控製機製。 2. 隱私權在數字時代的解構: 傳統的“知情同意”原則在麵對無處不在的傳感器和算法分析時已顯疲態。本書提齣,我們需要從消極的“不乾涉”隱私觀,轉嚮積極的“數據自主權”(Data Sovereignty)框架,賦予個體對其數字畫像的更強控製力。 3. 信息繭房與民主的侵蝕: 算法推薦係統雖然提升瞭用戶體驗,但也構成瞭對公共討論空間的碎片化。我們分析瞭虛假信息和極端化內容如何通過算法被優先推送,從而威脅到社會共識的形成和代議製民主的有效運作。 【結論:麵嚮未來的治理框架與社會責任】 本書的結論部分匯集瞭前述的分析,旨在提供一個具有實踐指導意義的“技術治理路綫圖”。我們主張,未來的監管不應是滯後的反應,而必須是前瞻性、跨國界且適應性強的。這包括建立獨立於商業利益的“技術影響評估機構”,推行“設計即倫理”(Ethics by Design)的工程標準,以及在全球範圍內促進關於技術共享和風險共擔的對話。 《全球化時代的技術倫理》不僅僅是對當前科技挑戰的批判性反思,更是一份對人類未來負責任的行動宣言。它旨在啓發政策製定者、工程師、哲學傢以及每一個生活在這個技術加速時代中的公民,共同參與到對我們共同未來的倫理塑造之中。 --- (本書麵嚮讀者:對人工智能、生物技術、社會學、政治哲學及公共政策感興趣的專業人士、研究人員及具有前瞻思維的普通讀者。)

著者信息

作者簡介

Keiichi Uchida

  Dr. Keiichi Uchida (內田慶市) is Director of the Institute of Oriental and Occidental Studies, Kansai University, Japan. His areas of specialization are Chinese linguistics and cultural interaction studies.

圖書目錄

Introduction: A Peripheral Approach to Chinese Linguistics as a Contribution to the Study of Cultural Interaction

Part I: Studies of Chinese in the Periphery

Chapter 1: The Value and Possibilities of Modern Western Studies of Chinese, with a Focus on Mandarin

Chapter 2: Modern Westerners’ Views of Chinese Style

Chapter 3: The Development of Modern Westerners’ Terms for Chinese Parts of Speech

Chapter  4: Morrison’s Grammar and Views on Translation

Chapter 5: The Grammar of Crawford’s Mandarin Grammar, a Milestone in Nineteenth-Century Studies of Chinese Grammar

Chapter 6: Chinese Studies of Grammar prior to Ma’s Guide to the Written Language: Bi Huazhen’s Division of Parts of Speech in Notes from Yanxu Cottage

Chapter 7: Thomas Wade’s Progressive Course

Chapter 8: Pidgin: A Feature of Contact between Cultures of Different Languages

Chapter 9: Wenyutang and Its Business Partners

Chapter 10: The Days of the Week in Modern Chinese

Chapter 11: The Chinese Bible Used by Robert Morrison: A Newly Discovered Manuscript of the New Testament Translated by Jean Basset

Part II: Modern Cultural Interaction between East and West as Seen from Illustrations

Chapter 12: “Zixingche”: The Chinese Word for Bicycle

Chapter 13: An 1890 Amusement Park and Its Roller Coaster (“Zixingche”)

Chapter 14: The Life of Christ, Sinicized

Chapter 15: The Origins of Chinese Comic Strips

Chapter 16: Aesop’s Fables in The Child’s Paper, from New Sources

Chapter 17: Left versus Right in Chinese Illustrations of the Colossus of Rhodes

Chapter 18: The Words for Portrait and Chemistry in China

Chapter 19: Bulletproof Vests, No Less

Chapter 20: The First Iron Man?

Chapter 21: Manchu and Mongolian Pamphlets

Chapter 22: Clock Towers: Notes on Expressing the Time in Modern Chinese

Chapter 23: The Arrival of X-Ray Technology in China

Bibliography of Major Works

Origins of the Essays

List of Figures

圖書序言

序論

Introduction: A Peripheral Approach to Chinese Linguistics as a Contribution to the Study of Cultural Interaction

  The notion of the studyof cultural interaction in East Asia is not yet well rooted in society, but the group to which I belong, the Institute for Cultural Interaction Studies at Kansai University (a 2007 Global Center of Excellence program of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology) seeks to establish this field of study as a new framework for studying East Asia. Our basic understanding of the content of this framework is as follows.

  Traditionally, the study of cultural interaction, for instance, the study of the history of Sino-Japanese interaction, was conducted within a national framework involving two countries and in the various fields of study, such as linguistics, thought, ethnography, religion, literature, and history. Consequently, knowledge was compartmentally accumulated in separate journals and publications, with the result that there was a lack of understanding of the complete picture of cultural interaction. Our new framework for studying cultural interaction, in contrast, seeks to transcend nations and separate fields of study. It presupposes that East Asia is a complex cultural unit requiring us to look at the development, spread, transmission, and content of culture within the whole region, in order to clarify the total picture of East Asian cultural interaction from a multiperspective, comprehensive point of view.

  And to establish our new framework of study, one of the methods we use is the peripheral approach. But as we are using the notion, “periphery” refers to more than the geographical periphery. The relationship of periphery and center can also be found in various fields of academic study, such as the field of Chinese linguistics. Moreover, the relation between periphery and center is not fixed; rather, the boundary between periphery and center is flexible and varies over time—a possibility that we must bear in mind.

  This great effort at creating a framework for studying cultural interaction has, of course, just begun, and our present multidisciplinary frame of reference does not offer a single answer to the question of just what the field of cultural-interaction studies is. Going forward, we must engage in discussion to accumulate concrete results that can support a new framework for studying intercultural interaction. What this work seeks to offer is an example of a solution to this challenge from the perspective of the field of Chinese linguistics.

  1 An Approach from the Periphery

  When we look at only the center of a phenomenon, we often cannot grasp its true nature. The eye of a typhoon is calm, while the winds are raging on the periphery. Traditional sayings have put the matter well. In Japan we have the saying “It is dark at the base of the candlestick” 燈颱下暗し, and also the saying “[In the game of go] the onlooker can see eight moves in advance”岡目八目. Moreover, the Chinese have the sayings “The go player is at a loss while the onlooker is clear” 當局者迷,旁觀者清and “One does not see the true face of Mt. Lu when one is on the mountain” 不識廬山真麵目,隻緣身在此山中.

  The relation between periphery and center can be considered from various perspectives. One such perspective is that of Zhu Dexi 硃德熙, who speaks of “comparative contrasts”:

  Q  What are the special features of Chinese grammar? I have always been puzzledby this question. May I ask your opinion here?

  A  Special features become clear in the comparison. If there is no comparison, there are no special features. Hence, if you ask what the special features of Chinese grammar are, you first have to specify what language you are going to compare Chinese to. (1985, p. 2)

  Yet today’s scholarly research is increasingly segmented, with the result that while scholars might be able to handle the minute details of some particular phenomenon, they are at a loss to present an overview of the whole. In the field of Chinese grammar as well, research on a particular phenomenon is becoming increasingly subtle. While this is progress of a sort, systematic discussions of the whole of Chinese grammar are being neglected. The situation is one where scholars delve directly into such matters as the acceptability of having瞭twice in a predicate, the nature of the progressive 在, the circumstances when 的is necessary and when it is not, and the distinction between a verbal complement and a conjoined adjective (details that admittedly need elucidating), while neglecting to explain such basic notions as those of a sentence, a subject, or a predicate. Even more important, such basic questions as what is language are omitted. Missing is a view of language, or even a view of the world, to exaggerate. Can this really be called progress?

  Recently, interdisciplinary and extradisciplinary studies have become quite popular. Though this is to be expected, interdisciplinary studies cannot be the established paradigm from the start. After all, interdisciplinary studies are possible only after specialized fields of study have become established. We must remember that interdisciplinary and extradisciplinary studies not based on specialized fields of study lack roots.

  In any case, for over ten years we have advocated this peripheral approach and have carried out research in Chinese linguistics based on this approach. Below I will again present my views as to the validity of this approach in linguistic research, and in particular, in research on grammar.

圖書試讀

用户评价

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《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》這個書名,瞬間就勾起瞭我的好奇心,尤其是我作為一個颱灣人,更能體會到“邊緣”這個概念的意義。我們生活在中華文化圈的邊緣,但同時又深受其影響,這種位置本身就充滿瞭戲劇性。我一直覺得,颱灣的語言,與其說是“標準”漢語的一個分支,不如說是一個獨立演化、吸收瞭多方養分、最終形成獨特風格的語言生態。這本書的題目,讓我感覺作者很有可能是在挑戰一種傳統的、以“中心”為標準的語言學研究方法,而是從那些被認為“非主流”的區域入手,去發掘漢語更豐富、更多元的麵貌。我期待書中能夠有對具體文化交流和語言接觸案例的深入探討,比如,在曆史上,颱灣與東南亞、日本、甚至更遠地方的文化交流,是如何在語言層麵留下痕跡的?會不會有對颱灣本土語言(如閩南語、客傢語)與國語之間互動産生的語言現象的分析?這本書的價值,我覺得在於它能提供一個新的思考維度,讓我們認識到,語言的發展並非總是筆直嚮前,而是在各種碰撞和融閤中不斷豐富和創新的。它或許能讓我們對自己的語言産生更深刻的理解,也能讓我們看到漢語在全球化背景下更廣闊的未來。

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坦白說,第一次看到《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》這個書名,我腦子裏閃過的第一個念頭就是:“這好像是在講我們颱灣的語言狀況嘛!”當然,我知道作者的原意可能更廣闊,但“從邊緣視角接近中國語言學”這個概念,對於生長在颱灣的我們來說,太有共鳴瞭。我們自認是中國文化的一份子,但我們的語言,尤其是在日常口語中,總會不自覺地流露齣一些“不一樣”的東西。是地理隔離?是曆史殖民?還是我們獨特的生活方式和文化習慣?這些問題,這本書似乎都有觸及。我期待它能深入探討,在漢語這個巨大的母體中,那些“邊緣”的語言和文化,是如何悄悄地改變著母體的肌理,又是如何反過來被母體塑造的。會不會有關於語音、詞匯、語法上的對比分析?比如,我們常說的“打拼”、“歐巴桑”、“便當”,這些詞匯的來源和傳播路徑,會不會在書中得到詳盡的解釋?這本書的價值,我認為不僅僅在於它對中國語言學理論的貢獻,更在於它能幫助我們颱灣人更清晰地認識自己的語言,更深刻地理解我們身份認同的多層次性。它就像一麵鏡子,照齣我們語言的獨特性,也照齣我們文化演變的軌跡。

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讀到《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》這個書名,我腦海中浮現的,與其說是一本學術專著,不如說是一場跨越時空的對話。對我而言,颱灣的語言本身就是一個充滿魅力的“邊緣”案例。我們繼承瞭中華文化的精髓,但同時又在曆史上經曆瞭復雜的殖民時期,接觸瞭不同的文化和語言。因此,我們現在的漢語,無論是發音、詞匯還是錶達習慣,都或多或少地帶有瞭獨特的印記。這本書的題目,恰恰觸及瞭這一點——從“邊緣”來審視“中心”,這是一種非常新穎的研究視角。我希望作者能夠深入剖析,這種“邊緣”視角如何能夠揭示齣中國語言學研究中被忽視的麵嚮。是否會探討不同移民群體帶來的語言融閤?比如,早期移民帶來的閩南語、客傢語,以及後來的國語,它們之間是如何互動、演變,最終形成我們現在所聽到的颱灣腔?書中有沒有關於具體語言現象的分析,比如某些詞匯的“颱灣化”過程,或者某些語法結構的“本土化”傾嚮?這本書的意義,或許在於它能幫助我們打破對語言的單一認知,理解語言的生命力在於其不斷的互動和變遷,而“邊緣”地帶,往往是這些變遷最活躍的溫床。

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我拿到這本書的時候,首先吸引我的是它那個有點“反骨”的書名——《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》。聽起來就像是在說,我們平時學的那些“標準”的中國語言學,是不是忽略瞭太多東西?尤其是在我們颱灣,語言的演變從來都不是一條直綫,而是充滿瞭各種交織和碰撞。想想看,幾百年前就有閩南人、客傢人過來,帶來瞭他們的方言;日治時期,日語的滲透也不容忽視;國民政府遷颱後,國語成瞭官方語言,但底層閩南語的生命力依舊旺盛;近年來,隨著全球化的深入,英語的影響更是無處不在。這些“邊緣”的文化和語言接觸,究竟在塑造我們今天的漢語麵貌上扮演瞭什麼樣的角色?這本書似乎就是試圖打破那種“自上而下”的語言研究模式,而是從這些“非主流”的區域和視角齣發,去理解漢語的復雜性和多樣性。我很好奇作者是如何界定“邊緣”的,是因為地理位置、政治地位,還是語言本身的“純粹性”?這本書會不會提供一些具體的案例研究,比如分析颱灣某個特定地區(例如花蓮、颱東,或者離島)的語言現象,來論證他的觀點?我希望它能像一個顯微鏡,讓我們看到那些被宏大敘事所遮蔽的微觀語言變遷,以及這些變遷背後深層的文化邏輯。

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這本書的書名《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》光是看就讓人眼睛一亮,尤其對我們這些在颱灣、身處中華文化圈邊緣,卻又深受其影響的人來說,這個題目直擊核心。我一直很好奇,為什麼颱灣的語言,無論是國語還是各種閩南語、客傢語,總會帶著一種微妙的腔調和詞匯,即使是大陸來的朋友,有時也會覺得有點“不一樣”。這本書似乎就是探討這種“不一樣”的根源,它不是那種宏大的、學院派的中國語言學研究,而是從一個更“ periferia”(邊緣)的角度切入,這讓我非常期待。我猜想,作者可能深入分析瞭曆史上不同族群的遷徙、融閤,以及與原住民、西方文化的交會,這些都不可避免地滲透進瞭語言的肌理。或許書中會有關於颱灣本土詞匯的起源考證,那些我們日常掛在嘴邊的、從日語、西班牙語、荷蘭語甚至原住民語言裏藉來的詞,到底是如何在漢語的土壤裏生根發芽,並形成獨特的錶達方式的。這本書的齣現,不僅是對中國語言學研究的補充,更可能是一種對我們自身語言認同的重新審視。它也許能解答我一直以來心中的一些疑惑,比如為什麼我們說“摩托車”而不是“摩的”,為什麼有些形容詞的用法和大陸略有齣入。總而言之,這個書名就已經足夠吸引我,讓我迫不及待想翻開它,看看作者是如何從“邊緣”解讀“中心”的。

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