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《文學術語手冊》一直以來都是英美文學系所學生必備的實用書，詳列西洋文學及文學理論的基本詞彙，幫助讀者進一步解讀經典作品。內容編排按照英文字母順序，以短文形式呈現，除了主詞目外，也包含與主詞目相關的名詞解釋，顯示此一概念的歷史脈絡，並且補充說明各種應用中的歧義。不僅受到師生們喜愛，對此領域有興趣的一般讀者也能從中學到新知。

　　因應語言與學術研究的新發展，《文學術語手冊》第九版增列了新詞目，全書目前已涵蓋1150個詞目討論。為方便查閱，頁面側邊標示出詞彙的首字母，方便查詢，書末也附有全書詞目的完整英中索引。新版更新了詞目的內容、參考書目和建議書單，並將文學評論的重要新著作納入考量，務使全書與最新的文學研究同步，更具參考價值。

本書特色

　　1.學界公認本書是解說文學術語的首選，由Abrams大師主筆，1957年首次出版至今已超過50年，中文第九版首次在台發行上市。

　　2.詳細精確的定義西洋文學與文學分析詞目的基本概念、理論及術語。

　　3.詞目按照英文字母排列，相關的同義、反義或附屬術語也並陳參照，完整呈現詞彙概念與脈絡，書末的英中索引列出全書所有的術語，方便讀者查閱。

　　4.全書收錄1150個詞條，新版增列了24個詞條，頁面側邊標示A-Z字母順序，方便查找。

作者簡介    

M. H. Abrams

　　著名文學評論家，著作與主編過數十種書，除了本書外，經典著作有The Mirror and the Lamp，Natural Supernaturalism，編有The Norton Anthology of English Literature等，是文學評論、18-19世紀文學、歐洲浪漫主義等領域的泰斗。

Geoffrey Galt Harpham

　　任教於美國Tulane大學，著有The Ascetic Imperative in Culture and Criticism (1992)，以及On the Grotesque: Strategies of Contradiction in Art and Literature (2007)。

譯者簡介

蔡佳瑾

　　台灣大學外文系博士，任教於東吳大學英文系，研究專長為英國文學與美國文學。

前言......................................................i
使用方式...........................................ii

A
absurd, literature of the 荒謬文學........1
act and scene 幕和景............................3
Aesthetic ideology 美學的意識形態...3
Aestheticism 唯美主義........................4
affective fallacy 情感謬誤；感受謬誤5
alienation effect 異化效應...................6
allegory 寓言........................................6
alliteration 頭韻..................................10
allusion 典故......................................12
ambiguity 歧義...................................14
antihero 反英雄..................................15
antithesis 對仗....................................16
archaism 古體文.................................16
archetypal criticism 原型批評...........17
atmosphere 作品氣氛.........................19
author and authorship 作者和作者身分.............................................................19

B
ballad 歌謠.........................................23
baroque 巴洛克..................................25
bathos and anticlimax 突降與反高潮25
Beat writers 垮掉派作家....................27
biography 傳記...................................28
Black Arts Movement 黑人藝術運動30
blank verse 無韻詩.............................31
Bloomsbury Group 布倫斯貝瑞文化圈.............................................................31
Bombast 浮誇之辭.............................33
book 書籍...........................................34
book editions 書的版本.....................35
book format 書的開本或版式...........36
book history studies 書籍歷史研究...36
bowdlerize 刪節..................................39
burlesque 滑稽諷刺作品....................39

C
canon of literature 文學正典；典律..43
carpe diem 及時行樂.........................46
Celtic Revival 塞爾特文藝復興........46
character and characterization 角色與角色刻畫................................................47
chivalric romance（ or medieval romance）騎士傳奇（或中世紀傳奇）.............................................................50
chorus 合唱隊....................................51
chronicle plays 編年歷史劇...............52
chronicles 編年史...............................53
Cliché 陳腔濫調.................................54
comedy 喜劇......................................54
comedy of humours 體液喜劇...........58
comic relief 喜劇性紓解....................58
commedia dell’arte 即興喜劇............59
conceit 巧喻........................................59
concrete and abstract 具體與抽象.....61
concrete poetry 具象詩.....................63
confessional poetry 自白詩................64
confidant 知己....................................65
connotation and denotation 言外之意
（隱含義）與字面意義......................65
conventions 文學慣例........................66
courtly love 宮廷愛情........................68
criticism 批評.....................................69
critique 批判......................................74
cultural studies 文化研究...................74

D
Darwinian literary studies 達爾文文學研究....................................................77
Decadence, the 頹廢派文藝...............78
deconstruction 解構............................79
Decorum 文章體統............................85
deism 自然神論..................................86
deus ex machina 機械神.....................86
dialogic criticism 對話批評...............87
didactic literature 載道文學...............89
discourse analysis 論述分析..............91
dissociation of sensibility 感性的解離.............................................................92
distance and involvement 心理距離與情感投入................................................93
doggerel 打油詩.................................93
drama 戲劇.........................................94
dramatic monologue 戲劇性獨白......95
dream vision 夢中幻境.....................96

E
ecocriticism 生態批評........................97
elegy 哀歌.........................................102
empathy and sympathy 同理心與同情...........................................................104
Enlightenment 啟蒙運動..................107
epic 史詩..........................................108
epic similes 史詩明喻......................111
epic theater 史詩劇場.......................112
epigram 警句....................................112
epiphany 頓悟...................................114
Epithalamion 婚禮頌歌....................115
epithet 特性修飾語..........................116
essay 雜文.........................................116
euphemism 委婉語...........................117
euphony and cacophony 諧音與非諧音...........................................................118
euphuism 華麗文體..........................119
expressionism 表現主義..................120

F
fabliau 諷刺寓言詩..........................123
fancy and imagination 幻想與想像力...........................................................123
feminist criticism 女性主義批評.....124
fiction and truth 虛構與真實...........132
figurative language 比喻用語..........134
fine arts 精緻藝術............................139
folklore 民間傳說............................140
form and structure 形式與結構.......142
formalism 形式主義.........................143
free verse 自由詩..............................146

G
gender criticism 性別批評...............151
genres 文類.......................................153
golden age 黃金時代........................156
Gothic novel 哥德式小說.................156
Graveyard Poets 墓園詩人...............158
Great Chain of Being 大生物鏈.......158

H
haiku（有時拼寫為hokku）俳句..161
Harlem Renaissance 哈林文藝復興161
heroic couplet 英雄式對句..............162
heroic drama 英雄劇........................163
humanism 人文主義........................164
hymn 讚美詩....................................168
hyperbole and understatement 誇張與含蓄......................................................169
hypertext 超文本..............................170

I
imagery 意象....................................171
imagism 意象派...............................173
imitation 模仿...................................174
influence and the anxiety of influence 影響與影響的焦慮..............................175
intentional fallacy 意圖謬誤............177
interpretation and hermeneutics 詮釋與詮釋學..............................................178
interpretation: typological and allegorical 詮釋，預表詮釋和寓言詮釋...........................................................182
invective 謾罵...................................185
irony 反諷.........................................186
ivory tower 象牙塔...........................190

J
jeremiad 哀歌...................................191

L
lai 短歌.............................................193
light verse 輕鬆詩............................193
linguistics in literary criticism 語言學在文學批評中的應用..........................196
literature 文學...................................201
local color 地方色彩........................202
lyric 抒情詩......................................202

M
malapropism 文字誤用....................205
Marxist criticism 馬克思主義批評..205
masque 化妝舞劇.............................212
melodrama 通俗劇...........................213
metaphor, theories of 暗喻理論.......214
metaphysical poets 形上詩人...........217
meter 格律........................................219
miracle plays, morality plays, and interludes 奇蹟劇、道德劇和幕間劇...........................................................226
modernism and postmodernism 現代主義和後現代主義..............................227
motif and theme 母題與主題...........230
myth 神話.........................................232

N
narration, grammar of 敘述語法......235
narrative and narratology 敘事文和敘事學......................................................235
negative capability 消極能力...........237
neoclassic and romantic 新古典主義和浪漫主義..........................................238
New Criticism 新批評......................243
new historicism 新歷史主義............246
novel 小說........................................254

O
objective and subjective 客觀的與主觀的......................................................263
objective correlative 客觀對應物.....264
occasional poems 場合詩.................264
ode 頌歌...........................................265
onomatopoeia 擬聲字......................266
oral poetry 口述詩...........................267

P
palinode 翻案詩...............................269
pantomime and dumb show 默劇和啞劇...........................................................269
paradox 弔詭....................................270
pastoral 牧歌....................................271
pathetic fallacy 悲悵謬誤.................273
pathos 悲悵.......................................273
performance poetry 表演詩..............274
periods of American literature 美國文學各時期的劃分..................................277
periods of English literature 英國文學各時期的劃分......................................283
persona, tone, and voice 作者替身、語調和聲音..........................................292
phenomenology and criticism 現象學與文學批評..........................................295
Platonic love 柏拉圖式愛情............298
Plot 情節...........................................300
poetic diction 詩歌詞藻...................305
poetic justice 詩的正義....................307
poetic license 詩的破格...................307
point of view 人稱觀點....................308
postcolonial studies 後殖民研究.....314
poststructuralism 後結構主義..........317
Pre-Raphaelites 前拉斐爾派畫家和詩人......................................................323
primitivism and progress 原始主義與進步論..................................................324
problem play 問題劇........................326
prose 散文........................................327
prosody 韻律學................................328
psychological and psychoanalytic criticism 心理學與精神分析批評...328
pun 雙關語.......................................334
purple patch 詞藻華麗的章節.........335

Q
queer theory 酷兒理論.....................337

R
reader-response criticism 讀者反應批評...........................................................341
realism and naturalism 寫實主義與自然主義..................................................345
reception theory 接受理論...............347
refrain 疊句......................................348
rhetoric 修辭學.................................353
rhetorical criticism 修辭學批評.......355
rhetorical figures 修辭性比喻用語.356
rhyme 押韻.......................................360
roman à clef 影射小說（法語，其義為「帶有答案的小說」） ......................364

S
satire 諷刺詩文................................365
science fiction and fantasy 科幻小說與奇幻作品..........................................369
semiotics 符號學..............................370
sensibility, literature of 情感文學....373
sentimentalism 感傷主義.................376
setting 場景......................................376
seven deadly sins 七大罪.................377
short story 短篇小說........................378
Socialist Realism 社會寫實主義.....380
sociology of literature 文學社會學..381
soliloquy 戲劇獨白..........................382
sonnet 十四行詩（又譯商籟詩） ...383
speech-act theory 言語行為理論.....385
stanza 詩節.......................................388
stock characters 刻板角色...............393
stock response 刻板反應..................394
stock situations 刻板情境................394
stream of consciousness 意識流......395
structuralist criticism 結構主義批評396
style 風格..........................................400
stylistics 風格學...............................403
sublime 崇高.....................................405
symbol 象徵.....................................410
Symbolist Movement 象徵主義運動...........................................................414
synesthesia 通感...............................415

T
tension 張力......................................417
text and writing (écriture) 文本與書寫...........................................................417
textual criticism 文本批評...............419
theories and movements in recent criticism 近代文學批評之理論與運動...........................................................422
three unities 三一律.........................422
topographical poetry 地誌詩............423
touchstone 試金石............................424
tragedy 悲劇.....................................425
tragicomedy 悲喜劇.........................429
Transcendentalism in America 美國的超越主義..............................................430

U
utopias and dystopias 烏托邦文學和反烏托邦文學......................................433

V
Victorian and Victorianism 維多利亞時期與維多利亞精神..........................435

W
wit, humor, and the comic 機智、幽默與滑稽..............................................437

索引.................................................441

A
absurd, literature of the 荒謬文學
 
所謂荒謬文學是指那些共同意識到人類處境在本質上很荒謬，而這種處境唯有透過自身的荒謬性才足以表現的戲劇和小說作品。荒謬文學的基調和劇作理論已先見於1896 年雅里（Alfred Jarry）的法文劇作《于布王》（Ubu roi ，又譯《烏布王》）中。荒謬文學亦起源於表現主義（expressionism）和超現實主義（surrealism）運動，以及卡夫卡（Franz Kafka）作於1920 年代的小說〔《審判》（The Trial）和《變形記》（Metamorphosis）〕。然而，在二戰（1939–1945）的恐怖經歷之後出現在法國的荒謬文學運動，則是對傳統文化和傳統文學的基本信仰與價值標準的反叛。早期傳統觀念假設人是具有理性的動物，他賴以生存的世界至少有部分是可知的；在有秩序的社會結構裡，人是其中的一個組成份子，即便置身逆境也不會喪失自己的英雄氣概與尊嚴。然而，1940 年代後，出現了尤以沙特（Jean-Paul Sartre）和卡繆（Albert Camus）等文學家為代表的存在主義哲學（existential philosophy）潮流。他們認為：每個人都是淪落異鄉的孤獨靈魂；這個陌生的世界裡不存在固有的人類真理、價值標準與任何意義。人生只不過是對生存目標和存在意義徒勞的探索過程，人生本自虛無，並終將化為虛無；人生的存在是件既痛苦又荒謬的事。就像卡繆在《西西弗斯的神話》（The Myth of Sisyphus, 1942）中寫道的：
 
In a universe that is suddenly deprived of illusions and of light, man feels astranger. His is an irremediable exile. . . . This divorce between man and hislife, the actor and his setting, truly constitutes the feeling of Absurdity.
 
在一個突然失去了幻想與光亮的世界中，一個人就會感到自己是異鄉人，是陌生客。他的流放無可補救……人與人生之間、演員與背景之間的這種脫節，正是讓人感到荒誕之處。（杜小真譯）

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