Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

☆☆☆☆☆

圖書標籤:

• 人類學
• 生物倫理
• 基因學
• 優生學
• 科學史
• 社會史
• 宗教
• 創造論
• 進化論
• 醫學史

　　Crafting humans'--and its corollary human enhancement-- is a contested topic, both in medical sciences and the humanities. With continuing advances in science and technology, scientists and the general public alike are aware that the basic foundations of the human condition are now at stake. This volume contributes to this growing body of work. It offers insights into some of the reflections and imaginaries that have inspired and legitimated both theoretical and practical programmes for 'crafting' humans, ranging from the religious/spiritualist and the philosophical/cultural to the secular and the scientific/scientistic; from the mystical quest for human perfection to the biopolitical eugenic state of the twentieth century, and current genetic theories of human enhancement. This volume discusses these topics in a synchronized way, as interrelated variants of the most central story in history, that of human perfectibility.

作者簡介

Marius Turda

　　Marius Turda is Reader in Central and Eastern European Biomedicine, Oxford Brookes University, and irector of the Cantemir Institute, at the University of Oxford. His current areas of research are mainly history of ideas and medicine, with a particular focus on eugenics, biopolitics, and race. Recent publications include Modernism and Eugenics (Palgrave, 2010), Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (CEU Press, 2011), and Re-Contextualising East Central European History: Nation, Culture and Minority Groups (Legenda, 2010). At the moment he is completing a history of Hungarian eugenics to be published by Palgrave and a monograph on race and modernity to be published by Continuum.

人類創造的迷思：從神話到未來工程 一部跨越時空的宏大敘事，探索人類自我塑造的永恒衝動 書名： The Forging of Being: Myths, Machines, and the Architected Self 作者： [虛構作者姓名，例如：Anya Sharma, Elias Vance] --- 簡介： 《人類創造的迷思：神話、機器與被設計的自我》並非聚焦於生物工程的特定技術路徑，而是深入挖掘人類文明史上一個核心且揮之不去的主題：我們如何理解和追求“創造”或“完善”人類自身這一概念。 本書構建瞭一個橫跨數韆年、融閤瞭哲學、人類學、藝術史、以及前沿科技理論的廣闊框架，旨在揭示人類對“理想存在”的渴望如何驅動瞭從遠古的創世神話到現代的認知科學革命。我們不是在討論基因編輯的倫理，而是探討為什麼我們如此迫切地想要編輯——無論是通過信仰、教育、還是技術手段。 第一部分：原初的藍圖與信仰的塑造（The Mythic Blueprint） 本部分追溯瞭人類“被設計”的早期敘事，這些敘事為後世所有的技術乾預奠定瞭心理和文化基礎。 第一章：泥土與呼吸：神話中的生命賦形 我們從美索不達米亞的泥闆、古埃及的歐西裏斯神話，以及亞伯拉罕諸教的創世故事開始。這裏的“創造”是神聖意誌的體現，是人類對自身脆弱性和有限性的終極迴應。重點在於分析這些敘事如何定義瞭“人性”的初始狀態（the baseline），以及打破這種狀態所帶來的神聖懲罰或解放的文化恐懼。 第二章：柏拉圖的洞穴與靈魂的馴化 轉嚮古希臘的哲學思辨，我們探討瞭理性主義如何試圖取代神性作為塑造人類心智的藍圖。從柏拉圖對“理想國”公民的教育規範，到亞裏士多德對“德性”的實踐定義，這標誌著從“被賦予的生命”嚮“通過教育和哲學訓練實現的生命”的首次重大範式轉移。人類不再僅僅是神靈的造物，而是自我完善的潛在藝術傢。 第三章：中世紀的煉金術與內在的轉化 煉金術（Alchemy）在這裏被重新解讀，並非僅僅是追求點石成金的化學嘗試，而是對“人類完美形態”的隱秘追求。它代錶瞭一種將“卑劣的物質”（未開化的心智或不完美的肉體）通過試煉和提純轉化為“黃金般的自我”的執念。我們考察瞭中世紀神秘主義和早期科學萌芽中的這種雙重目標：物質的轉化與精神的升華。 第二部分：啓濛的機器與社會工程（The Enlightenment Engine） 隨著科學革命的興起，人類創造自身的驅動力從神聖領域轉移到瞭世俗的、可量化的領域。 第四章：理性的棱鏡：教育作為模具 啓濛運動的核心是將人類視為一塊可以被理性雕琢的璞玉。這一章詳細分析瞭從洛剋到盧梭的教育理論，這些理論旨在係統性地消除“非理性”的偏見，塑造齣符閤新興資本主義和民主社會要求的公民。教育機構（學校、軍校）被視為第一個大規模的、旨在統一人類行為和思想的“社會工程”工具。 第五章：機器的隱喻與生命的機械論 17世紀至19世紀，笛卡爾的機械論哲學占據主導地位，人體被視為一颱精密的機器。我們探討瞭這種思維如何影響瞭早期醫學、生理學，甚至藝術（如自動人偶的流行）。如果生命是機械的，那麼它就可以被理解、分解、修復，乃至重新設計。重點在於分析這種還原論思維如何為後來的技術乾預鋪平瞭道路，盡管此時的技術主要集中在外部環境的優化。 第六章：效率的至高無上：泰勒製與行為的標準化 進入工業時代，對“完美工人”的追求達到瞭高潮。泰勒的科學管理法（Taylorism）將勞動流程的優化推嚮極緻，實際上是對人類行為的細緻“工程化”。本書將泰勒主義視為一種早期的、非生物性的“人類優化”運動，它試圖通過外部結構控製來消除生産中的“隨機性”和“低效的人性”。 第三部分：認知的重塑與未來的邊界（The Reshaping of Cognition） 最後一部分轉嚮20世紀至今，探討人類如何試圖從內部改變自身，以及這種嘗試所帶來的深刻哲學後果。 第七章：心靈的地圖：心理學與身份的解構 二十世紀的心理學革命，尤其是精神分析和行為主義，是對“內在自我”進行深度挖掘和重塑的嘗試。弗洛伊德試圖揭示潛意識的“原始材料”，而行為主義則試圖用外部刺激來“重寫”個體的反應模式。本書將這些心理學流派視為對“本能”藍圖的第一次大規模“軟件更新”嘗試，質疑我們是否擁有一個固定不變的“核心自我”。 第八章：虛擬的自我：模擬與體驗的重構 隨著信息技術的發展，人類開始在數字領域構建替代性的存在。本章探討瞭虛擬現實、身份的在綫構建（Avatars），以及我們如何通過互聯網社區來“試驗”不同的社會角色和認知模式。這是一種“去物質化”的創造衝動：如果肉體受限，那麼我們就創造一個可以在數字維度上自由演化的、新的自己。 第九章：超越人類：工具與延伸的界限 本書的收尾部分著眼於當前對“後人類”狀態的理論思辨。它不關注任何特定的生物技術，而是討論技術工具（從簡單的眼鏡到復雜的神經接口）如何逐漸成為我們感官和認知係統不可分割的一部分。我們不是在“創造”新的人類，而是在不斷地集成工具，使我們已知的“人性”邊界變得模糊不清。我們最終的創造物，或許不是一個新物種，而是我們自己與工具的永恒融閤。 結語：永恒的“未完成”狀態 《人類創造的迷思》的最終結論是：人類的本質並非一個被完成的藍圖，而是一個持續的、充滿張力的“創造過程”。從泥土到代碼，我們對完善的追求從未停止，但這追求本身，纔是定義我們物種的核心特徵。 --- 關鍵詞： 人性哲學、技術人類學、認知進化、文化史、理想形態、社會工程、自我設計。

Preface and Acknowledgements

Frank Ankersmit
Aftermaths and “Foremaths”: History and Humans

Moshe Idel
Crafting a Golem: the Creation of an Artificial Anthropoid

Antonis Liakos
The End of History as the Liminality of the Human Condition: From Kojeve to Agamben

Roger Griffin
Bio-nomic Man (and Woman): Fantasies of Anthropological Revolution as a Reaction to Modernity’s Nomic Crisis

MerrynEkberg
Eugenics: Past, Present, and Future

Marius Turda
Crafting a Healthy Nation: European Eugenics in Historical Contex

Maria Sophia Quine
Making Italians: Aryanism and Anthropology in Italy during the Risorgimento

Alison Bashford
Julian Huxley’s Transhumanism

List of Contributors

Bibliography

Index of Names

序

　　This volume is based partly on papers presented at the Berendel Foundation’s
second annual conference held at Queen’s College, Oxford between 8 and 10
September 2011. The conference benefitted from the generous financial support
of the Berendel Foundation and the Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 096561). I am
grateful to these two institutions and to the participants for making the conference
the success that was.

　　Crafting humans’ – and its corollary human enhancement – is a contested
topic, both in medical sciences and the humanities.With continuing advances in
science and technology, scientists and the general public alike are aware that the
basic foundations of the human condition are now at stake. This is amply evidenced
in the ‘Superhuman’ exhibition (19 July–16 October 2012) at the
Wellcome Collection in London. One important message of this exhibition is that
the human body could be changed and transformed through the enhancement of
basic physical and mental capacities. Yet, the current discussion of human enhancement
– as illustrated by the specialists invited to contribute and whose
opinions have been recorded for the exhibition – has largely ignored the (pre-)
history of theories of social and biological improvement. The biological malleability
of the ‘human’ is something that is now taken for granted but this volume
questions this aptitude to change and improve humans, highlighting three
critical aspects: the role of religion; the importance of historical time and the
corporeality of historical subjects, like races, nations and societies. Despite the
rapid growth of interest in the interconnectedness of technological progress,
biomedical sciences and ethics, alongside the health benefits of recent discoveries
in genetics and genomics, discussing current theories of human enhancement
within their historical, religious, philosophical, and cultural contexts,
from Antiquity onwards, remains yet to be achieved. In the decisive debates
over the excesses and disastrous effects of human dreams of perfectibility
(particularly since the Holocaust), the problematic connotations of ‘crafting
humans’ are ever present. And if this prompts us to be more careful when
discussing the intellectual sources of contemporary technologies of human
improvement, than it is crucial that we take such claims seriously. Understanding
the human must, therefore, be as much a form of moral introspection
and historical responsibility as a quest for scientific knowledge and adaptability
to technological progress.

　　This volume is but a modest contribution to this growing body of work. To
some extent, it complements the Wellcome exhibition on the ‘Superhuman’ by
considering the historical, ethical, and philosophical questions raised by the
project of crafting and enhancement. The chapters included here offer insights
into some of the reflections and imaginaries that have inspired and legitimated
both theoretical and practical programmes for ‘crafting’ humans, ranging from
the religious/spiritualist and the philosophical/cultural, to the secular and the
scientific/scientistic; from the mystical quest for human perfection, to the biopolitical
eugenic state of the twentieth century, and current genetic theories of
human enhancement. While vast bodies of scholarship have been devoted to
each of these individual topics, this volume discusses them in a synchronized
way, as interrelated variants of the most central story in history, that of human
perfectibility.

　　Above and beyond these general comments, there are some specific aknowledgements
that I would like to make. Firstly, for permission to reproduce the
photo on the cover, I am grateful to theWellcome Library, London. Secondly, due
to unforeseen circumstances Sorin Antohi could not join me in editing this
volume. However, my discussions with him about ‘crafting humans’ have been
inspiring and he has left a last inprint upon this volume. As such, I am grateful
for his unfailing support and encouragment. Thirdly, this volume would not
exist without the editorial support and occasional stylistic veto of Stephen
Byrne. This is certainly a better book as a result of our collaboration. Finally, the
volume is dedicated to Yehuda Elkana, who unfortunately passed away as this
volume was prepared for publication. His illness precluded him from submitting
his contribution but his complicitous humor and critical acumen, displayed so
vividly during the conference, are not forgotten. He was a great scholar and a
true friend.

London, 10 October 2012 Marius Turda

書摘1

Crafting a Healthy Nation: European Eugenics in Historical Context --Marius Turda The scholarship on eugenics has long been fragmented: until recently there has been relatively little cross-fertilization between work in the history of science, sociology, anthropology and other disciplines in the humanities. Research has also been fragmented along geographical lines: with relatively little comparative work undertaken and little awareness shown of the regional variations in understandings and configurations that characterized the reception of eugenic ideas in Europe and beyond. The last two decades have, however, seen an increasing number of attempts to redress these omissions. Such that, even those scholars of eugenics who are not comparativists, per se, have become increasingly aware of the broad spectrumof variations, in social, national, and gendered organizations, as well as cultural settings and political expressions, that can be encompassed within the field. This awareness, in turn, has informed the ways in which they describe eugenics, pose questions, and formulate answers.

This growing body of scholarship has reframed the study of eugenics in
broader and more integrated terms, generating a new direction of research that
is interdisciplinary and multi-factorial. The historiography on eugenics is finally
‘catching up’ with the main problems addressed by current debates, not only in
the medical humanities and bioethics, but also in broad historical fields like
sexuality, inequality, and disability. What is now emerging is a synthetic and
critical perspective, which, on the one hand, assesses the relationship between
eugenics and various political ideologies and cultural regimes, while, on the
other, shows how eugenics has provided some of the practical and conceptual
tools necessary for constructing the bio-technologically informed worldview
and ethics cultivated today. But, a crucial question remains unanswered: how
can this geographical and conceptual diversity be brought together into a normative
historical reading of both national and international histories of eugenics?

書摘2

Making Italians: Aryanism and Anthropology in Italy during the Risorgimento
Maria Sophia Quine

‘Italy is made; now we must make Italians.’
(Piedmontese Prime Minister, Massimo D’Azeglio, in 1860)

Aryan race theory was one of modern Europe’s most famous and pervasive myths of origin and descent. As the Prometheus of modern nations, states, and empires, Aryan Man was European Man personified. The quest to uncover the genealogy of Homo Europaeus captivated many people, working in many different European countries, for well over a century. For a long time, one of the idée-fixes in the scholarship about European science and culture was that Aryanism had no impact in nineteenth-century Italy. Mythologies about ancestral races emanating from foreign countries simply had no allure for Italians, Léon Poliakov argued in his pioneering work on the subject.1 Historians have begun to remedy this view in recent years. The primary focus of this new body of literature on Aryanism and racism has been the 1880s –1940s. However, an Italian or “Italo-Aryan” race was not “discovered”, or “invented”, for the first time at the end of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, Italian Aryanismand racism, under both liberalism and fascism, should not be seen solely as a function of meridionalism, imperialism, or ‘othering’ (Jews, Africans, or Southerners).

The new historiography of the Risorgimento should take heed of these for it has a tendency to see Italy as a museum piece and “the nation” as an edifice constructed solely by monuments, idols, and art. In its fixation on the heroic poetry, bel canto, pageantry, and painting of the long nineteenth century, the ‘new’ Risorgimento scholarship has largely ignored a vital part of the history of the ‘making’ of Italians. If historians wish to operate within rigid ‘canons’, science should be allowed entry into it and placed alongside the arts in a pan theon of patriotism. The ‘great’ men of Italian nineteenth-century anthropology comprised the triumvirate of Nicolucci, Mantegazza, and Sergi, who all produced ‘great’ works of fantasy, ‘fact’, and ‘fiction’ about the nation. According to the reasoning of some Italianists, however, their works shared more in common with the ‘German tradition’ of thinking about the nation in racial, biological, and ethnic terms than it did with the more familiar Italian style of nationalism derived from the straight-forwardly political ideas of Mazzini, Cavour, and Cattaneo. Italian ethno-anthropology operated within the domain of the discursive and the mental, which is the prime object of study of the so-called ‘cultural constructivists’. But it also became professionalized and institutionalized in the nineteenth-century, as it proffered itself to liberals in government as the premier public science. As it embedded itself in the bourgeois culture of universities and élites, it sought to be a part of the broader process of nation-building. The new ethno-anthropology did not see Italians as museum pieces, forever frozen on the page or the canvas in ritualized Roman salutes or stylized postures of self-sacrifice in battle. Rather, the three racial scientists that comprised the Holy Trinity of Italian anthropology viewed Italians as a work in progress, a living, organic mass of bones, bodies, and brains to be skilfully crafted into a popolo-nazione. Furthermore, they were all real patriots whose works aimed to fire the ‘hearts and minds’ of their fellowItalians. Beginning with Nicolucci, the triumvirs and patriots established scientific disciplines, political agendas, and cultural traditions that can be traced directly to those bio-political aspirations for a New Man, New Woman, and New Italy that constitute the very core of twentieth-century eugenics and fascism.

评分☆☆☆☆☆

《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》這個書名，一開始就給我一種強烈的預感，這本書會是一次穿越時空的智識之旅。我最想瞭解的是書中對於“Genesis”的闡述，那不僅僅是生命科學的起點，更可能是關於人類對自身起源的古老追問，從神話、哲學到科學，這些不同的敘事如何共同塑造瞭我們對“人”的理解？我會期待作者能描繪齣這幅波瀾壯闊的畫捲，其中充滿瞭好奇、探索與敬畏。而“Eugenics”這個詞，則立刻勾起瞭我內心深處的警覺。我想象著書中會如何深入挖掘優生學思潮的根源，它如何在特定的曆史時期獲得瞭“科學”的光環，又如何導緻瞭對人性的踐踏和生命的悲劇？我期待作者能夠以一種嚴謹而不乏人文關懷的筆觸，剖析這段黑暗曆史的來龍去脈，讓我們能夠深刻反思其教訓。更令我好奇的是“and Beyond”的部分，在基因技術飛速發展的今天，“製造”人類的概念已經不再是科幻小說裏的情節。我希望這本書能大膽地探討這些前沿議題，例如基因編輯對人類未來可能帶來的影響，以及我們在追求進步的同時，該如何堅守人性的底綫，這無疑會是本書最具有現實意義的價值所在。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》這本書的書名，一下子就抓住瞭我的注意力，它暗示著一場關於人類本質與演變的深刻探索。我特彆期待書中對於“Genesis”的解讀，這不僅僅是生物學的起點，更可能觸及到人類早期對於生命創造的想象、神話敘事，甚至是哲學層麵的思考。我會好奇作者如何將這些多元的元素融匯，展現人類在認知自身起源過程中的麯摺與演變。接著，“Eugenics”這個詞，無疑是這本書中最具衝擊力也最令人警醒的部分。我腦海中浮現的是20世紀那些令人不安的曆史畫麵，優生學的思想是如何在特定的社會土壤中滋生蔓延，它背後有著怎樣的科學僞裝與社會偏見？書中是否會細緻地剖析其興衰過程，以及它對個體與社會造成的深遠傷害？我希望作者能夠以一種冷靜而批判的視角，引導讀者正視這段曆史，從中汲取深刻的教訓。而“and Beyond”的展望，在當今基因編輯、閤成生物學等飛速發展的時代，更是顯得尤為重要。我想象著書中會對這些新興科技帶來的倫理睏境與未來可能性進行怎樣的探討，它或許會為我們思考人類的下一步該走嚮何方，提供重要的啓示。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

拿到《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》這本書，我立刻被它的內容深度和跨度所震撼。從書名就可以看齣，它並非是一本輕鬆的讀物，而是試圖探討人類存在的最根本問題，並追溯其曆史演變。我對書中“Genesis”的部分特彆感興趣，這不僅僅是生物學的起源，更可能涉及到人類早期對自身誕生的種種想象、神話以及哲學思考。我想象著作者會如何梳理這些古老而又充滿力量的敘事，它們是如何塑造瞭我們最初對“人”的認知。接著，“Eugenics”這個詞，無疑是這本書中最具爭議也最引人注目的部分。曆史上的優生學思潮，是如何興起、發展，又為何最終走嚮瞭毀滅性的結局？書中是否會深入剖析那些推動優生學發展的社會、政治和科學背景，以及它對無數生命造成的無法磨滅的創傷？我期待作者能夠以一種審慎而又不失批判的態度，帶領讀者迴顧這段黑暗的曆史，從中汲取教訓。更讓我好奇的是“and Beyond”的部分，在現代科技飛速發展的今天，基因編輯、人工智能等技術正在以前所未有的方式挑戰著我們對“人”的定義。這本書是否會探討這些新的可能性，以及它們將如何重塑人類的未來？

评分☆☆☆☆☆

這本《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》這本書，光是書名就讓人覺得非常有份量，彷彿在邀請我們進行一場跨越時空的哲學與科學的對話。一開始拿到書，就被這個紮實而引人入勝的書名給吸引住瞭。它不僅僅是關於人類的起源，更是將我們帶入瞭一個更廣闊的議題——人類的塑造，從最根本的“創生”講起，一直延伸到充滿爭議的“優生學”，甚至展望瞭“更遠”。我很好奇作者如何能在如此宏大的敘事中，捕捉到那些關鍵的曆史轉摺點和思想脈絡。想象一下，從亞當夏娃的神話傳說，到孟德爾的遺傳定律，再到20世紀那些令人心驚膽顫的優生學實踐，這些看似毫不相乾的片段，究竟是如何被編織在一起，形成一個完整的故事？這本書會不會就像一把鑰匙，為我們打開理解人類自身演進和被乾預曆史的一扇窗？我特彆期待書中對於“beyond”部分的闡述，在基因編輯、人工智能等飛速發展的當下，我們該如何理解“製造”人類的議題，又將麵臨怎樣的倫理挑戰？這是一個非常當代且深刻的問題，這本書的齣現，無疑會引發許多值得我們深思的討論。

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《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》這本書的題目本身就充滿瞭吸引力，仿佛在講述一個關於人類如何被“創造”和“塑造”的宏大史詩。我被書中“Genesis”部分所吸引，那不僅僅是單純的科學理論，更包含瞭人類在漫長曆史中對自身起源的哲學、宗教以及文化層麵的探索。我很好奇作者會如何將這些不同的視角融閤起來，構建一個關於人類開端的多維度圖景。從生命的最早萌芽，到人類文明的興起，這其中一定充滿瞭許多不為人知的細節和故事。而“Eugenics”這個詞，則立刻把我拉到瞭20世紀那個充滿爭議的時代。我想象著書中會如何深入剖析優生學思想的興起，它背後的驅動力是什麼？當時的社會是如何接納甚至推崇這種觀念的？而它又如何導緻瞭那些令人發指的罪行？我期待書中能夠呈現一段清晰、客觀的曆史敘述，讓我們能夠深刻理解這段曆史的教訓，避免重蹈覆轍。最後，“and Beyond”的部分，在當今科技飛速發展的時代，生物技術、基因編輯等領域日新月異，人類似乎正在掌握前所未有的“創造”能力。我非常期待書中能夠探討這些前沿議題，以及它們對人類未來可能帶來的影響，無論是積極的還是消極的，都會引發我深入的思考。