1 The WTO and the Idea of Cooperative Trade Policy ………………… (1) 1-1 The Foundation of the GATT ………………………………………………… (1) 1-2 The Progress Achieved Under the GATT …………………………………… (3) 1-3 From the GATT to the WTO ………………………………………………… (6) 1-4 The WTO and Its Achievements ……………………………………………… (7) 1-5 Economic Theories and Trade Policies ……………………………………… (13) 1-6 The Prisoner????s Dilemma in Trade Policies ………………………………… (21) 1-7 The WTO and Cooperative Trade Policy …………………………………… (23) 1-8 Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… (24)
2 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)…………………… (28) 2-1 Driving Force Towards a Multilateral Agreement …………………………… (28) 2-2 The Structure of the GATT 1994 …………………………………………… (30) 2-3 Important Issues During the GATT (1948-1994) ………………………… (43) 2-4 Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… (55)
4 The GATS ……………………………………………………………………… (96) 4-1 The Driving Forces Towards a Service Agreement ………………………… (96) 4-2 Differences Between Services and Goods Sectors …………………………… (98) 4-3 Objectives, Structure and Scope of the GATS ……………………………… (99) 4-4 General Obligations and Disciplines (Part II) …………………………… (103) 4-5 Specific Commitments (Part III and Part IV) …………………………… (109) 4-6 Institutional Arrangement (Part V) ……………………………………… (112) 4-7 Final Provisions (Part VI) ………………………………………………… (113) 4-8 Annexes on Financial Services …………………………………………… (114) 4-9 Annexes on Air Transport Services and Telecommunications …………… (115) 4-10 The Other Annexes ……………………………………………………… (116) 4-11 Evaluating the GATS …………………………………………………… (117) 4-12 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… (124)
5 Multilateral Trading System and Climate Change …………………… (130) 5-1 Impact of Trade Openness on Climate Change …………………………… (130) 5-2 WTO Progress in Addressing Challenges of Climate Change ……………… (134) 5-3 Multilateral Trade System and Carbon Tariff ……………………………… (139) 5-4 Carbon Labeling …………………………………………………………… (151) 5-5 Carbon Trading …………………………………………………………… (158) 5-6 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… (167)
6 Regional Integration and E⁃commerce ………………………………… (172) 6-1 WTO Multilateral Trade System and Regional Economic Integration …… (172) 6-2 WTO Multilateral Trade System and Electronic Commerce ……………… (188) 6-3 WTO and International Labor Standards ………………………………… (196)
7 WTO⁃Dispute Settlement Mechanism ………………………………… (207) 7-1 The Characteristics of Disputes and Settlements ………………………… (207) 7-2 WTO Dispute Settlement and China ……………………………………… (228) 7-3 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… (241)