圖書描述
People often hear the term “WTO-plus”. But they do not fully understand the exact meaning and the legal status of it under the WTO. The book divides FTA provisions into three categories and analyzes WTO-plus issues of different categories. These categories are those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs; those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices; and those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. It is expected that through the analysis of the issues arising from different categories, readers will clearly understand the exact meaning of WTO-plus and the related issues. It is also hoped that the analysis will help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO and to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.
許多人都聽過WTO-plus這個詞，但對該詞的真正含意及其在WTO下的法律地位，未必能掌握。本書將自由貿易協定的內容分成三類，亦即（1）GATT對於成立自由貿易協定所要求的內容。（2）WTO所並不要求，但為WTO規範明示允許或未為WTO實務所否定的內容；此種內容可作為最惠國待遇條款之例外。（3）WTO所未涵蓋的領域，或雖為WTO所涵蓋，但未為WTO所承認得作為最惠國待遇條款之例外。透過分析自由貿易協定此等不同類型的規定，讀者應可瞭解WTO-plus的正確法律上意義以及其衍生的相關問題。本書希望有助於WTO會員將來在WTO之下進行自由貿易協定相關規範的談判；並相望協助其談判自由貿易協定的條文以及擬定自由貿易協定的政策。將來如有相關的爭端案件，本書亦希望可以作為釐清相關問題的參考。
著者信息
圖書目錄
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Ⅰ Meaning of WTO-Plus
Ⅱ Reasons to Discuss WTO-Plus Aspects of FTA
Ⅲ Three Categories of FTA Provisions and Their General Relations with WTO: Layout of the Book
CHAPTER 2
NON-PLUS ASPECTS:
CONTENTS NECESSARY FOR THE FORMATION OF FTA
Ⅰ Relations between Plus and Non-plus Aspects
Ⅱ The Authorization to Establish an FTA and the Requirements to Be Qualified as FTA
Ⅲ Elements Necessarily to Be Included in an FTA under GATT 1994
CHAPTER 3
OPTIONAL CONTENTS FOR FTA AS NON-WTO-PLUS: EXCEPTIONS AND TRADE REMEDIES
Ⅰ Those Allowed to Be Excluded from Trade Liberalization under Article XXIV:8
Ⅱ Trade Remedy Rules in FTAs
Ⅲ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article XXIV:8
Ⅳ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article I
Ⅴ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Trade Remedy Rules
Ⅵ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Appellate Body Reports
Ⅶ Some Remarks on Trade Remedies as Optional Elements of FTA
CHAPTER 4
UNAUTHORIZED WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TRIPS-PLUS
Ⅰ TRIPS-Plus Provisions Being Commonly Included in FTAs
Ⅱ The Scope of the FTA Exceptions under GATT Article XXIV:5
Ⅲ The Coverage and Standards of TRIPS Agreement
Ⅳ Wider Use of TRIPS-Plus in FTAs and Their Different Types
Ⅴ Provisions Incorporating New Types of Intellectual Property and Their Legal Status
Ⅵ Provisions Giving up Flexibilities and Their Legal Status
Ⅶ Provisions Expanding the Contents of Protection and Their Legal Status
Ⅷ The Extent of TRIPS-Plus in FTA Permitted under the WTO
CHAPTER 5
WTO-PLUS PROVISIONS IN FTA COVERED BY PLURILATERAL AGREEMENT: GPA-PLUS
Ⅰ Government Procurement Matters under WTO
Ⅱ Issues about Whether the Elimination of Restrictive Regulation on Government Procurement is Necessary for Forming an FTA
Ⅲ GPA Provisions Affecting FTA Government Procurement Chapters
Ⅳ Government Procurement Chapters as a GPA-Plus
CHAPTER 6
COMPETITION POLICY AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
THE TREND OF INCLUDING COMPETITION CHAPTER IN FTA
Ⅰ Some Trends of International Aspects of Competition Policy
Ⅱ Earlier FTAs and the Lack of Competition Provisions
Ⅲ The First Comprehensive Competition Chapter in an FTA: NAFTA
Ⅳ More Recent Competition Chapters
Ⅴ Implications of Competition Chapters in FTA
Ⅵ Competition Chapter as a WTO-Plus
CHAPTER 7
INVESTMENT MATTERS AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ Recent Development of BITs and FTAs
Ⅲ Comparison of the Contents of BIT with the Investment Chapter of FTAs
Ⅳ Points to Be Drawn from the Comparison
Ⅴ Policy Choice for the Governments
Ⅵ Investment Chapter as a WTO-Plus
CHAPTER 8
ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Current Multilateral Environmental Protections and Their Limitations
Ⅱ Origin and Reasons of FTA Dealing with Environmental Protection
Ⅲ The Extent of Prevalence for FTAs Containing Environmental Provisions and Their Different Forms
Ⅳ Different Forms for Including Environmental Provisions in FTAs
Ⅴ Elaboration on Some Key Environmental Provisions
Ⅵ Environmental Chapter as a WTO-Plus and Paradigm Shift of Using Multi-bilateral FTAs as the Vehicle to Carry Out the Goal of Environmental Protection
CHAPTER 9
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
A HEALTH CHAPTER
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ The Requirement of New IHR upon its Members to Engage in International Cooperation
Ⅲ FTA Having Legal Status under the New IHR
Ⅳ FTA and Health Matters
Ⅴ Reasons for FTA to Have a Health Chapter for Public Health Matters
Ⅵ Health Matters that Can Be Covered by an FTA
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
INDEX
圖書序言
PREFACE
The term “WTO-plus” is widely used. It is applied in various contexts to reflect the obligations assumed by a country being greater than what are currently imposed or required by the agreements under the WTO. More often it is used to describe the broader coverage of matters by the FTA than those required and covered by relevant WTO agreements. The discussions of this book focus on this aspect.
There are basically three categories of the provisions in FTAs: The first category includes those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs. If there were no such provisions or contents included, the trade agreements would not be considered as legitimate FTAs under WTO and thus the agreements cannot be the basis for constituent members to depart from the MFN requirements. Provisions concerning tariff elimination and elimination of restrictive regulation of commerce between FTA parties are of this kind. The book discusses the extent that tariffs and other restrictive regulations of commerce are to be eliminated.
The second category includes those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices. The matters explicitly allowed to be included in FTAs are those permitted under GATT Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XX. A difficult issue is whether those matters not in this list, especially the antidumping, countervailing and safeguard provisions in FTAs, are also allowed under the WTO. The book discusses the related issues for clarification.
The third category includes those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. The intellectual property provisions in FTAs are basically the subject covered by the WTO but without specific authorization under the TRIPS Agreement to qualify such provisions in the FTAs as exceptions to the MFN obligation in this agreement. From the perspective that the inclusion of intellectual property protection in FTAs is not required by the WTO, they are WTO-plus provisions. From the perspective that many intellectual protections in FTAs exceed the minimum requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, such provisions are also TRIPS-plus.
The book discusses intellectual property right under FTAs as WTO-plus and TRIPS-plus.
The book will also analyze legal issues concerning GPA-plus issues because of its unique status from WTO perspective. Other WTO-plus issues discussed in this book include those relating to competition, investment, and environmental protection. These are all under the third type of FTA provisions, which can be generally considered as WTO-plus matters. The book will elaborate the plus aspects of FTAs concerning these issues.
In addition to those commonly included WTO-plus chapters in the FTAs, the book will also explore about whether it is appropriate to have a health chapter in FTAs to become a positive WTO-plus element.
The author expects that the book will clarify issues that have not been fully elaborated before so that there will be clear understanding on WTO-plus issues. Hopefully, it would help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO, to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.
Chang-fa Lo
At Asian Center for WTO and International Health Law and Policy, National Taiwan University College of Law
圖書試讀
用户评价
看到《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》的標題，我腦中立刻閃過許多關於國際貿易規則演變的疑問。過去，WTO一直是全球貿易的基石，但近年來，FTA的蓬勃發展，似乎正在悄悄地重塑著貿易格局。這本書的書名，直接點齣瞭FTA中超越WTO基礎協議的“Plus”元素，這讓我非常期待它能深入剖析這些新增的、更具規範性的條款。我猜想，這本書會詳細討論在FTA中，那些關於服務貿易更細緻的承諾，例如金融、電信、專業服務等領域的準入和國民待遇，以及投資保護條款的深化，包括投資者與國傢間爭端解決機製（ISDS）的細節。此外，知識産權保護的加強，例如專利、版權、商標等方麵的更高標準，以及在數字經濟時代，數據跨境流動、網絡安全等新興議題在FTA中的體現，都是我非常想瞭解的內容。不知道書中是否會包含對這些“Plus”條款，在實際談判中引發的爭議和挑戰的分析，以及不同國傢在製定和執行這些條款時所采取的策略和考量。
评分《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》這個書名，讓我立刻聯想到當前國際貿易體係中一個非常核心且動態的議題。我一直很好奇，自由貿易協定（FTA）中那些超越世界貿易組織（WTO）基本規則的“WTO-Plus”條款，究竟是如何被構建、被談判，又如何影響著各國的貿易政策和經濟發展。這本書的書名，恰恰觸及瞭這一點，我期待它能深入探討這些“Plus”條款的具體內容，例如在服務貿易自由化方麵，是否涵蓋瞭更廣泛的領域和更深度的承諾；在投資保護方麵，是否引入瞭更具約束力的機製；在知識産權保護方麵，是否設立瞭更高的標準。我特彆關注的是，這些“WTO-Plus”條款在實際操作中，如何影響到像我們颱灣這樣，高度依賴國際貿易的經濟體。書中是否會提供一些案例研究，說明這些條款是如何被各國解讀和應用的，以及它們對産業競爭力、市場準入、甚至國傢主權可能産生的深遠影響。我希望這本書能提供一個清晰的框架，幫助讀者理解FTA在當前全球經濟格局中的角色和演變。
评分這本書的題目《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》真是點齣瞭一個非常關鍵的議題！尤其對我們颱灣的産業界來說，國際貿易協定的動態和它對我們市場準入的影響，簡直是每天都在關注的頭條。我一直很好奇，這本書會不會深入探討FTA（自由貿易協定）中的“WTO-Plus”條款，也就是那些超越瞭WTO基礎規則，但又日益成為FTA核心內容的部分。像是服務貿易的更廣泛承諾、投資保護的細節、知識産權的強化，乃至於一些新興領域的規則（比如數字貿易、環境標準等）。我想，如果它能提供一些FTA實際運作中，這些“Plus”條款如何影響各國政策製定，以及企業如何應對的案例分析，那就太有價值瞭。畢竟，光是知道規則還不夠，更重要的是理解規則如何落地，以及它對颱灣中小企業、大型跨國公司，甚至是我們未來産業升級的方嚮能帶來什麼啓發。我期待書中能有對不同類型FTA（例如區域性的、雙邊的）的比較分析，看看它們在“WTO-Plus”的側重點上有什麼差異，而這些差異又會如何影響我們的貿易夥伴選擇和談判策略。
评分《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》這個書名，瞬間激起瞭我對於全球貿易架構下，國傢間閤作與競爭模式演變的濃厚興趣。我相信，這本書一定會深入探討自由貿易協定（FTA）在超越世界貿易組織（WTO）現有規則的基礎上，是如何構建更緊密、更具深度的經濟關係的。我非常好奇，書中會如何解析“WTO-Plus”的內涵，是否會聚焦於那些在FTA中被重點強調，但WTO框架下可能相對模糊或未被充分規範的領域，例如：更廣泛的市場開放承諾（包括服務業和投資）、知識産權保護的升級、競爭政策的協調、以及新興的數字貿易規則。對我而言，瞭解這些“Plus”條款的具體條文，以及它們在不同FTA中的變體，是至關重要的。特彆是，我希望能看到書中對這些條款的實施效果進行評估，分析它們對參與國經濟增長、産業結構調整以及消費者福利可能産生的正麵和負麵影響。這本書是否能提供一些實際案例，說明企業如何利用或規避FTA中的“WTO-Plus”條款來製定其國際化戰略？
评分讀到《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》這個書名，腦海中立刻浮現齣許多關於貿易談判的畫麵。不知道這本書會如何解讀“WTO-Plus”這個概念，是僅僅指比WTO協議更寬鬆、更自由的條款，還是包含瞭一些更深層次、更具規範性的內容？例如，現代的FTA常常會觸及到我們過去不太常在多邊貿易體製下看到的議題，像是勞工標準、環境保護、數據流動、國有企業改革等等。如果這本書能把這些“非傳統”的貿易議題，以及它們如何在FTA中被納入並具體化，詳細地進行分析，我會覺得相當驚喜。尤其希望它能探討，這些“Plus”條款在實踐中可能引發的爭議，以及各國在平衡經濟利益與國內政策目標時，是如何權衡取捨的。對於我們颱灣來說，如何確保在追求FTA的同時，不損害我們的産業競爭力，又能符閤國際社會對可持續發展的期望，這是一個非常重要的問題。書中是否能提供一些跨國比較的視角，看看其他國傢是如何處理這些復雜議題的，這將非常有參考價值。
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