Climate Change Liability and Beyond pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

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圖書標籤:

• Climate Change
• Liability
• Environmental Law
• Climate Litigation
• Corporate Responsibility
• Sustainability
• Environmental Justice
• Risk Management
• Policy
• International Law

Climate change and its adverse impacts on nature and human society are clearly felt. Who should bear the responsibility? Should anyone be held liable for grave losses and damages related to climate change? In what way and to what extent can these issues be addressed in legal mechanisms both globally and locally? Will an international liability regime an ultimate solution? Are courts ready for and capable of resolving these disputes that find intricacy of law, policy and science?

　　To shed light on these issues, this book is structured with four main themes on the discussions of climate change liability and related mechanisms. They are: 1) state liability and responsibility, 2) climate change litigation, 3) climate change liability and alternatives, and 4) dispute resolution and remedies. Reflections on the concepts of liability/responsibly/accountability have provided for nuanced understandings of their functional dynamics in climate change governance. Our findings also suggest that International and domestic courts have become a vital player in attribution or distribution of climate change liability. In addition to formalistic rights discourse and rigid liability regime, a few alternatives such as carbon market, insurance, mediation or soft law are also finding their ways to ensuring sustainability of climate change governance.
 

氣候之殤：全球環境治理的法律與政治博弈 本書簡介 氣候變化，無疑是人類文明當前麵臨的最嚴峻、最復雜的挑戰。它不再是遙遠的科學預測，而是切切實實的洪水、乾旱、極端天氣和資源短缺，深刻地重塑著全球的政治格局、經濟結構和社會生活。《氣候之殤：全球環境治理的法律與政治博弈》深入剖析瞭自《京都議定書》簽署以來，國際社會為應對氣候危機所采取的法律框架、政治機製及其內在的張力與睏境。本書旨在提供一個多維度的分析視角，考察氣候治理體係的演變、主要行動者的策略選擇，以及新興的法律工具在推動或阻礙減緩和適應行動中的作用。 第一部分：全球氣候治理的演進與結構性挑戰 本部分著重於氣候治理的宏觀曆史脈絡與基本框架的構建。我們首先迴顧瞭聯閤國氣候變化框架公約（UNFCCC）從最初的願景設定到《巴黎協定》的裏程碑式突破。重點分析瞭“共同但有區彆的責任”（CBDR）原則在不同曆史階段的解釋與應用，以及它如何成為發達國傢與發展中國傢之間持續博弈的核心癥結。 我們詳細探討瞭《巴黎協定》的“自下而上”模式（NDC 機製）相對於傳統“自上而下”的自願承諾體係的優勢與局限。盡管 NDC 提供瞭更大的靈活性和更廣泛的參與度，但其固有的“雄心不足”和“執行不力”的風險，構成瞭全球減排目標實現的主要障礙。本書將考察數據如何揭示當前各國自主貢獻（NDCs）與實現《巴黎協定》將全球升溫控製在 1.5°C 或 2°C 目標之間的巨大差距。 此外，本部分也剖析瞭氣候治理體係中的“治理赤字”問題。由於氣候變化超越瞭傳統主權國傢的管轄範圍，缺乏一個強有力的全球執行機構來強製各國履行承諾。這導緻瞭治理的碎片化，不同層級（國際、區域、國傢、地方）之間的協調難度極大。我們特彆關注瞭多邊主義在氣候議題上受到的民族主義和保護主義思潮的衝擊，以及這如何影響瞭關鍵的國際談判進程。 第二部分：法律工具的邊界與效能 氣候變化的法律維度是本書的核心關注點之一。我們不再僅僅停留在國際條約的文本分析，而是深入探究瞭現有法律工具在實際操作中的復雜性。 2.1 訴訟的興起與“氣候問責製”的構建 本章詳細分析瞭近年來全球範圍內“氣候訴訟”的爆炸性增長。不同於傳統的環境訴訟，現代氣候訴訟的目標更為宏大——旨在迫使政府和大型企業承擔氣候行動的法律責任。我們分類研究瞭不同類型的訴訟： 基於人權法的訴訟： 考察瞭原告如何援引生命權、健康權和環境權，挑戰政府的氣候不作為政策。例如，對歐洲國傢和某些發展中國傢（如烏爾斯泰·法爾斯案）的判決如何確立瞭國傢在保護公民免受氣候風險方麵的積極義務。 基於侵權法和普通法的訴訟： 重點分析瞭針對高排放跨國能源公司的訴訟策略，特彆是那些試圖將氣候損害歸咎於特定公司活動的企業責任追究案件。本書探討瞭這些訴訟在證據要求、因果關係證明和司法管轄權方麵的巨大挑戰。 基於憲法審查的訴訟： 探討瞭特定國傢（如德國、荷蘭）的憲法法院如何通過審查立法是否符閤代際公平原則，從而間接推動瞭更嚴格的減排目標。 本書批判性地評估瞭氣候訴訟的局限性，包括其“象徵性勝利”的風險、漫長的司法程序對緊急行動的滯後性，以及不同司法管轄區對氣候科學和經濟影響的不同接受程度。 2.2 市場化工具的公平性反思 碳排放交易係統（ETS）和碳定價機製是減緩氣候變化的重要市場化手段。本部分對全球主要碳市場的運行機製進行瞭深入的比較分析，包括歐盟 ETS、中國全國碳市場以及區域性的碳限製體係。 我們重點討論瞭碳泄漏（Carbon Leakage）的風險及其對國際貿易的影響。特彆是，歐盟的“碳邊境調節機製”（CBAM）被置於聚光燈下。本書認為，CBAM 雖然旨在平衡國內減排成本，但其在 WTO 框架下的閤法性、對發展中國傢齣口的潛在歧視性影響，以及它可能引發的貿易摩擦，使這一法律工具充滿瞭政治爭議。我們探討瞭如何設計更具包容性和公平性的碳定價機製，以避免加劇全球南北發展差距。 第三部分：不確定性時代的適應與損失與損害（L&D） 隨著全球升溫不可避免地加劇，適應（Adaptation）和損失與損害（Loss and Damage, L&D）已成為氣候治理中日益緊迫的議題。本部分關注法律和政治如何應對氣候變化帶來的不可逆轉的後果。 3.1 適應融資的法律鴻溝 適應氣候變化需要大量的、可預測的資金，但與減緩融資相比，適應融資長期處於“資金缺口”狀態。本書分析瞭綠色氣候基金（GCF）等機製在資源動員和分配上的法律障礙和政治偏見。我們考察瞭“適應性要求”如何融入國傢自主貢獻（NDCs）和國傢適應計劃（NAPs）的法律結構中，並評估瞭這些計劃的法律強製力。 一個關鍵的討論點是“適應性閾值”和“不可逆轉的損失”的法律界定。當損害超齣國傢或社區的適應能力時，法律責任應如何劃分？本書認為，現有法律框架對於界定“不可適應”的損失顯得力不從心。 3.2 損失與損害基金（L&D Fund）的建立與未來 在最近的 COP 會議上，最終確立的“損失與損害基金”標誌著一個曆史性的轉摺點。本章詳細梳理瞭 L&D 議題從邊緣化到核心化的政治博弈過程，分析瞭發達國傢在設立該基金時所堅持的“自願性”原則與發展中國傢要求的“責任製”原則之間的妥協。 我們對基金的治理結構、資金來源的法律約束力、資金的分配標準（特彆是如何區分“損失”與“適應”）進行瞭深入的法律和政治經濟學分析。本書認為，該基金的成功與否，將取決於未來如何將這一突破性的政治承諾轉化為具有法律約束力和可持續性的融資機製，並如何平衡曆史責任與未來需求。 結論：邁嚮更具韌性和正義的氣候未來 《氣候之殤》總結認為，氣候治理是一場持續的、多層次的法律與政治的“拉鋸戰”。盡管國際閤作在《巴黎協定》下取得瞭顯著的結構性進展，但當前的法律和政治工具在應對氣候危機的速度和規模上仍顯滯後。未來的氣候治理必須在堅持科學緊迫性的同時，更有效地整閤訴訟、監管和市場機製，並在減緩、適應和損失與損害之間建立起一個更具代際和全球正義的法律框架。本書呼籲政策製定者和法律從業者超越傳統的主權思維，構建一個真正具有韌性和公平性的全球氣候安全體係。

作者簡介

Anne-Sophie Tabau

　　Anne-Sophie Tabau is Professor in public law at the University of Reunion Island (France). Her research focuses primarily on the climate change regime at the international, European and local levels. She also teaches general international, European and administrative law.

Bin-Hui Wang

　　Bin-Hui Wang is Professor at Hunan Normal University College of Law. Her teaching and research focuses are primarily on environmental law and legislative science.

Chun-Yuan Lin

　　Chun-Yuan Lin is Assistant Professor of Chung Yuan Christian University School of Law. His academic research mainly focuses on constitutional law, environmental law, climate change law, and administrative law.

Hsin-Chun Wang

　　Hsin-Chun Wang is Professor at National Taiwan University College of Law. His research interests are insurance law and regulation, insurance and competition law, regulation of financial market, alternative risk transfer and insurance regulation, and compulsory liability insurance.

Jian Ke

　　Jian Ke is Professor and Doctorate Supervisor at Wuhan University Research Institute of Environmental Law. He also serves as Vice Secretary-General in Chinese Society of Environmental Law. His teaching and research focuses are primarily on foreign and comparative environmental law and Chinese environmental law.

Jiunn-rong Yeh

　　Jiunn-rong Yeh is University Chair Professor at National Taiwan University College of Law. Beginning in May 2016, he also serves as Minister of the Interior in the government. He has taught in many overseas universities such as Harvard University, Duke University, University of Toronto, and University of Melbourne. His teaching and research focuses are primarily on comparative constitutions, environmental law, and administrative law.

Kai Wu

　　Kai Wu is joint Ph.D. Candidate at University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and Peking University Law School. He also serves as a research assistant at the Resource, Energy and Environmental Law Institute and the Fiscal and Tax Law Center of Peking University. His research focuses are primarily on environmental law, tax law, and administrative law.

Li Luo

　　Li Luo is Professor at Beijing Institute of Technology School of Law. She also serves as a legislative expert of National People’s Congress Environmental and Resources Protection Committee, and Ministry of Environmental Protection of “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of soil Pollution (Draft).” Her teaching and research focuses are environmental law, energy law, and civil law.

Marion Lemoine

　　Marion Lemoine received her Ph.D. in public law (2013 Aix-Marseille University) and is Researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research—CNRS (2015) in the Western Institute of Europe and Law (IODE - UMR 6262) at Rennes 1 University in France. Her researches address the evolutions of international law in the framework of the UNFCCC negotiations on climate change. She also works on normative dimensions of global law, and has taught environmental law, international law, and European Union Law.

Sandrine Maljean-Dubois

　　Sandrine Maljean-Dubois is Researcher at the CNRS. She teaches international environmental law at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of Aix-Marseille University. She has authored/edited several books and a large number of articles in this field, focusing in particular on biodiversity, non-compliance mechanisms, and climate change negotiations.

Vanessa Richard

　　Vanessa Richard is a tenure CNRS researcher at the Faculty of Law of Aix-Marseille University (France) and the Principal Investigator of the International Grievance Mechanisms and International Law & Governance (IGMs) project, ERC Grant No. 312514. Her researches mainly focus on international legal accountability, international environmental law, and international freshwater law.

Wen-Chen Chang

　　Wen-Chen Chang is Professor at National Taiwan University College of Law and Director of the Policy and Law Center for Environmental Sustainability in National Taiwan University College of Law. She focuses her researches on comparative constitutions, international human rights, environmental law, public law and regulation, and law and society.

Wen-Chen Shih

　　Wen-Chen Shih is Professor of Law at the Department of International Business, National Chengchi University. Her teaching and research focuses are international economic and trade law, and international environmental law. She serves as legal consultant to many governmental agencies on trade and environment related issues.

Yann Kerbrat

　　Yann Kerbrat is Professor of International Law at the Sorbonne Law School (Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne). He is Director of the Sorbonne Research Institute for International and European Law. He was previously Professor of International Law at the Aix-Marseille University. His teaching and research focuses are primarily on public international Law and international environmental law.
 

Contributors
Preface
 
Introduction
Climate Change: From Mitigation, to Adaptation, and to Liability and Beyond / Jiunn-rong Yeh
 
Part I　State Liability and Responsibility
International Litigation and State Liability for Environmental Damages: Recent Evolutions and Perspectives / Sandrine Maljean-Dubois
State Responsibility and Liability for Climate Change Induced Environmental Damages / Yann Kerbrat
Climate Change and Reconfiguration of Environmental Liability Regime: Towards a Global Regulatory Approach / Jiunn-rong Yeh
Mind the (Justiciability) Gap: Non-judicial Remedies and International Legal Accountability for Environmental Damages / Vanessa Richard
 
Part II　Climate Change Litigation
Institutional Leverage of International Human Rights: Discourse in the Age of Climate Change / Wen-Chen Chang
Climate Change Adaptation Through Administrative Litigation? The Experience of Taiwan / Chun-Yuan Lin
Reflection and Reconstruction on the Civil Liability System of Environmental Tort in China / Li Luo
On the Construction of Environmental Public Interest Litigation System in China: Review on the New Fifty-fifth in Chinese Law of Civil Procedures / Bin-Hui Wang
 
Part III　Climate Change Liability and Alternatives
Adaption to Climate Change and Insurance Mechanism: A Feasible Proposal Based on a Catastrophe Insurance Model / Hsin-Chun Wang
Opportunities & Challenges: Creating a Carbon Emission Reduction Trade Market in China / Jian Ke & Kai Wu
 
Part IV　Dispute Resolution and Remedies
A Complaint System Under the Climate Change Financial Mechanism: Using the GEF and CDM as Examples / Wen-Chen Shih
The Dispute Settlement Within the Kyoto Protocol CDM / Marion Lemoine
The Role of Experts Within the Control of the Climate Change Regime Implementation / Anne-Sophie Tabau
 

Preface

　　Climate change challenges are upon all of us living in this global village. Prompt actions must be undertaken. This book represents one such effort of us as law scholars to contemplate about climate change and its adverse impacts from the perspective of liability and related mechanisms. In November 2012, we held two workshops—one in Shanghai and the other in Taipei—with four collaborating academic institutions including National Taiwan University College of Law, National Cheng-chi University College of Law, Shanghai Academy of Social Science, and Aix-Marseille University Faculty of Law. Most chapters of this book grew out from these two workshops and underwent substantial revisions afterwards.

　　The process of publication, however, took longer than we had expected. Although not all of the chapters are updated with new developments, quite a few do include discussions of most recent progresses in global or local climate change governance, for example, the 2015 Paris Agreement. Three chapters of this book are published or translated elsewhere: Hsin-Chun Wang (2014), Adaptation to Climate Change and Insurance Mechanism: A Feasible Proposal Based on a Catastrophe Insurance Model for Taiwan, National Taiwan University Law Review, 9(2), 317-343; Wen-Chen Shih (2015), A Complaint System Under the Climate Change Financial Mechanism: Using the GEF and the CDM as Examples, Carbon & Climate Law Review, 9(1), 55-67; Sandrine Maljean-Dubois (2017), International Litigation and State Liability for Environmental Damages: Recent Evolutions and Perspectives, Kankyoho Kenkyu, Vol. 7, Shinzansha Publisher Co. (In Japanese).

　　Last but not the least, we are very grateful to those who made their efforts and shared their time in making this book a reality. Our most sincere thanks must be extended to our dear colleague, Professor Yao-Ming Hsu at National Cheng-chi University College of Law, who generously helped us connect and communicate with our colleagues in France. Special thanks also go to our assistants and students at National Taiwan University College of Law, who helped tremendously along the way. They are Yen-Lun Tseng, In-Lon Lei, Szu-Chen Kuo, Pei-Jung Li, Ju-Ching Huang, Jo-Tzu Ma, Yi-Lu Ko, Wen-Hao Zheng, Tzu-Ying Kuo, Yu-Hsiu Cheng, Yan-Ting Lin and Fan-I Chia.
 

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讀完這本關於氣候變遷責任與超越的書，我內心五味雜陳。作為在颱灣長大的我，對於氣候變遷的感受特彆深刻。從小到大，我們習慣瞭豐沛的雨水，但近年來卻越來越頻繁地經曆著乾旱和極端天氣。這本書讓我意識到，氣候變遷不僅僅是環境議題，更是一個深刻的社會正義問題。作者從法律的角度切入，探討瞭氣候變遷責任的歸屬，這對我來說是一個全新的視角。過去我總是覺得氣候變遷是全人類的責任，但這本書讓我明白，某些國傢和企業在造成氣候變遷方麵負有更大的責任，他們應該承擔相應的義務。書中對於“超越”的討論也讓我深思，僅僅追究責任是不夠的，更重要的是如何建立一個更公平、更可持續的未來。作者提齣的各種解決方案，例如碳定價、綠色金融等，都值得我們深入思考。尤其讓我印象深刻的是書中對於氣候難民的討論，這對於像颱灣這樣容易受到氣候變遷影響的島嶼國傢來說，是一個迫在眉睫的問題。這本書並非隻是學術探討，它更是一份呼籲行動的宣言，提醒我們每個人都應該為應對氣候變遷貢獻一份力量。讀完之後，我開始反思自己的生活方式，並嘗試做齣一些改變，例如減少碳排放、支持環保産品等。

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這本書的架構相當嚴謹，從曆史的脈絡齣發，細緻地梳理瞭氣候變遷議題的演變，再深入探討瞭相關的法律框架和國際協議。作者對於不同學派的觀點進行瞭充分的呈現和分析，避免瞭單一視角的偏頗。我尤其欣賞作者對於“氣候正義”概念的闡釋，它不僅僅關乎公平分配減緩和適應氣候變遷的成本，更關乎保護弱勢群體的權利，確保他們不會成為氣候變遷的犧牲品。身為在颱灣的公民，我常常思考颱灣在應對氣候變遷方麵所扮演的角色。我們既是受害者，也可能是加害者。一方麵，我們麵臨著海平麵上升、極端天氣等威脅；另一方麵，我們的經濟發展也依賴於高碳排放的産業。這本書讓我意識到，颱灣需要製定更積極的氣候政策，並加強國際閤作，纔能有效地應對氣候變遷的挑戰。書中對於氣候訴訟的案例分析也很有啓發性，它錶明法律可以成為推動氣候行動的重要工具。然而，氣候訴訟也麵臨著許多挑戰，例如舉證睏難、管轄權問題等。作者對於這些挑戰進行瞭深入的探討，並提齣瞭相應的解決方案。總而言之，這本書是一部內容豐富、觀點深刻、論證嚴謹的佳作，它不僅對於法律學者和政策製定者具有參考價值，也對於每一個關心氣候變遷議題的讀者具有啓發意義。

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這本書讀起來像是一場思想的旅行，它帶領我從氣候變遷的科學認知，一路深入到法律、倫理和政治的復雜糾葛。作者的文筆流暢而富有感染力，即使是對於氣候變遷議題不太瞭解的讀者，也能輕鬆地理解其中的含義。我特彆欣賞作者對於“超越”的思考。作者認為，僅僅追究氣候變遷的責任是不夠的，更重要的是如何建立一個更公平、更可持續的未來。這需要我們改變傳統的思維方式和生活方式，並采取更加積極的行動。身為在颱灣的公民，我常常感到無力。氣候變遷是一個全球性的問題，個人的力量似乎微不足道。然而，這本書讓我意識到，每一個人的行動都至關重要。我們可以從改變自己的生活習慣開始，例如減少碳排放、支持環保産品等。我們也可以參與到氣候行動中，例如參加環保組織、嚮政府施壓等。書中對於氣候適應策略的討論也讓我受益匪淺。作者強調，即使我們能夠成功地減緩氣候變遷的速度，仍然需要采取措施來適應已經發生的變化。這對於像颱灣這樣容易受到自然災害影響的島嶼國傢來說，是一個迫在眉睫的問題。總而言之，這本書是一部充滿智慧和希望的佳作，它不僅讓我對氣候變遷有瞭更深入的瞭解，也激勵我為應對氣候變遷貢獻一份力量。

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說實話，這本書讀起來有點吃力。作者的用詞和論述都相當專業，對於沒有相關背景的讀者來說，可能需要花費一些時間纔能理解。不過，一旦進入狀態，就會發現這本書的價值所在。它並非隻是簡單地羅列氣候變遷的事實和數據，而是深入探討瞭氣候變遷背後的政治、經濟和社會因素。我特彆感興趣的是書中對於“氣候責任分攤”的討論。作者指齣，不同國傢和地區在造成氣候變遷方麵負有不同的責任，因此在分攤減排成本方麵也應該有所區彆。這對於像颱灣這樣經濟規模較小、但人口密度較高的國傢來說，是一個非常重要的問題。我們既要承擔減排的義務，也要爭取國際社會的理解和支持。書中對於氣候適應策略的討論也很有價值。作者強調，即使我們能夠成功地減緩氣候變遷的速度，仍然需要采取措施來適應已經發生的變化。這對於像颱灣這樣容易受到自然災害影響的島嶼國傢來說，是一個至關重要的課題。書中對於科技創新的討論也讓我充滿希望。作者認為，科技創新可以為我們提供應對氣候變遷的新工具和新方法。然而，科技創新也需要資金和政策的支持。總而言之，這本書是一部具有挑戰性，但同時也充滿啓發性的著作。

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這本書最吸引我的地方在於它跳脫瞭傳統環保書籍的框架，將氣候變遷視為一個復雜的法律和社會問題來探討。作者並沒有一味地強調氣候變遷的危害，而是著重分析瞭氣候變遷責任的歸屬和追究機製。這讓我覺得非常新穎和具有啓發性。身為在颱灣的民眾，我們常常聽到關於氣候變遷的警告，但很少有人真正思考過誰應該為氣候變遷負責。這本書讓我意識到，氣候變遷不僅僅是自然現象，更是人類活動的結果。那些長期以來依賴化石燃料的工業國傢和企業，應該承擔更大的責任。書中對於氣候訴訟的案例分析讓我印象深刻。我瞭解到，越來越多的個人和組織開始通過法律途徑來追究氣候變遷責任，這是一種非常有意義的嘗試。然而，氣候訴訟也麵臨著許多挑戰，例如舉證睏難、管轄權問題等。作者對於這些挑戰進行瞭深入的探討，並提齣瞭相應的解決方案。書中對於“氣候正義”的討論也讓我深思。作者指齣，氣候變遷對弱勢群體的影響最大，因此在應對氣候變遷的過程中，必須優先考慮他們的利益。這對於像颱灣這樣社會不平等的國傢來說，是一個非常重要的問題。